This article presents a case study of the Pittsburgh New Music Ensemble (“PNME”), an arts organization transformed by reinventing its artistic product based on new methods of audience engagement. The PNME approach illustrates a number of theoretical concepts in action, and provides an example of how artists and artistic organizations may apply entrepreneurial principles to the development of their artistic products. Broader implications for the theories illustrated by the case are noted.

This article deploys the term “artist-producer” to respond to Gary D. Beckman’s (2007) call for an effective definition for artist entrepreneurship, one that illustrates the productive work that artists do and counters longstanding romantic notions of artists as creative geniuses who are unconcerned with commerce. Unpacking the term entrepreneur historically and focusing on its troubling relationship to class, race, and gender, even among entrepreneurship scholars, I illustrate how and why many artists still resist the de facto entrepreneur label even as they take what many identify as entrepreneurial approaches. Returning to Beckman’s domain of training, though outside of the university setting, I show how a number of contemporary community-based artist training and professional development programs across the U.S. reflect, even nurture, the longstanding artist ambivalence to entrepreneurship even as they fulfill some of its key dynamics; moreover, I note how these programs are creating a very specific approach to entrepreneurship, or entrepreneurs, by training what I call “artist-producers” – artists capable of balancing both their expressive ambitions with their material concerns in strategic ways. Ultimately, the artist-producer designation illustrates what many scholars, artists and arts organizers talk about when we talk about artist entrepreneurship; it defines a type of entrepreneurship that by its very structure acknowledges the nation’s weak cultural infrastructure and offers a collaborative, productive, even sustainable way of working for artists.

The co-editors of Artivate, Gary Beckman and Linda Essig, have shared an interest in advancing arts entrepreneurship as a field of study since Beckman first interviewed Essig as part of his research toward what has become a foundational article (2007) in the field, “”Adventuring” arts entrepreneurship curricula in higher education: An examination of present efforts, obstacles, and best practices.” The current article presents a dialogue between them in which they discuss the nature of the discipline and the challenges and opportunities presented by the launch of Artivate.

ARTIVATE: A Journal of Entrepreneurship in the Arts, Volume 1 Number 1 -- Table of Contents: 

“Artivate Volume 1, Number 1: Table of Contents” p. i. 

“Arts Entrepreneurship” by Gary D. Beckman and Linda Essig, p. 1-8.

“What’s in a Name?: Typifying Artist Entrepreneurship in Community Based Training” by Paul Bonin-Rodriguez, p. 9-24.

“The Case of the Pittsburgh New Music Ensemble: An Illustration of Entrepreneurial Theory in an Artistic Setting” by Jeffrey Nytch, p. 25-34.

“Shattering the Myth of the Passive Spectator: Entrepreneurial Efforts to Define and Enhance Participation in ‘Non-Participatory’ Arts” by Clayton Lord, p. 35-49.

ARTIVATE: A Journal of Entrepreneurship in the Arts, Volume 1 Number 2 -- Table of Contents:

“Editor’s Introduction” by Gary D. Beckman, p. 1.

“Artivate Volume 1, Number 2: Table of Contents” p. 51. 

“Infusing Entrepreneurship Within Non-Business Disciplines: Preparing Artists and Others for Self-Employment and Entrepreneurship” by Joseph S. Roberts, p. 53-63.

“Frameworks for Educating the Artist of the Future: Teaching Habits of the Mind for Arts Entrepreneurship” by Linda Essig, p. 65-77.

“Dostoevsky’s ‘The Grand Inquisitor’: Adding an Ethical Component to the Teaching of Non-Market Entrepreneurship” by Gordon E. Shockley and Peter M. Frank, p. 79-91

ARTIVATE: A Journal of Entrepreneurship in the Arts, Volume 2 Number 3 -- Table of Contents:

“Artivate Volume 2 Number 3: Table of Contents”

“Editors’ Introduction” Linda Essig and Gary D. Beckman, p. 1-2.

“Situated Cultural Entrepreneurship” by Johan Kolsteeg, p. 3-13.

“Culture Coin: A Commons-Based, Complementary Currency for the Arts and its Impact on Scarcity, Virtue, Ethics, and the Imagination” by Vijay Mathew and Polly Carl, p. 14-29.

“Barriers to Recognizing Arts Entrepreneurship Education as Essential to Professional Arts Training” by Jason C. White, p. 28-39.

Book Review: 

The Culture of Possibility: Art, Artists, & the Future by Arlene Goldbard” reviewed by Stephani Etheridge Woodson, p. 40-42

ARTIVATE: A Journal of Entrepreneurship in the Arts, Volume 3 Number 1 -- Table of Contents:

“Artivate Volume 3 Number 1: Table of Contents” 

“Editors’ Introduction” by Gary Beckman and Linda Essig, p. 1-2.

“The ‘Entrepreneurial Mindset’ in Creative and Performing Arts Higher Education in Australia” by Vikki Pollard and Emily Wilson, p. 3-22.

“Social Bricolage in Arts Entrepreneurship: Building a Jazz Society from Scratch” by Stephen B. Preece, p. 23-34.

“Placemaking and Social Equity: Expanding the Framework of Creative Placemaking” by Debra Webb, p. 35-48.

Book Reviews:

“Creativity and Entrepreneurship: Changing Currents in Education and Public Life” edited by Lynn Book and David Peter Phillips, reviewed by Susan Badger Booth, p. 49-50. 

“Creative Communities: Art Works in Economic Development” edited by Michael Rushton with a foreword by Rocco Landesman, reviewed by Mark A. Hager, p. 51-53.

ARTIVATE: A Journal of Entrepreneurship in the Arts, Volume 3 Number 2 -- Table of Contents:

“Editor's Introduction to Volume 3, Number 2” by Linda Essig and Joseph Roberts, p. 1-2. 

“How Is Damien Hirst a Cultural Entrepreneur?” by Marisa Enhuber, p. 3-20. 

“Responding to the Needs and Challenges of Arts Entrepreneurs: An Exploratory Study of Arts Entrepreneurship in North Carolina Higher Education” by Dianne H.B. Welsh, Tamaki Onishi, Ruth H. DeHoog, and Sumera Syed, p. 21-37.

“Daily Blogging for a Year: A "Lean" Pathway to Launching a Web-based Business” by Julia Griffey, p. 39-50.

Book Review:

“Social Intrapreneurism and All That Jazz: How Business Innovators are Helping to Build a More Sustainable World” by David Grayson, Melody McLaren, and Heiko Spitzeck, Foreword by John Elkington, p. 51-53

ARTIVATE: A Journal of Entrepreneurship in the Arts, Volume 4 Number 1 -- Table of Contents:

“Artivate Volume 4 Number 1: Table of Contents” 

“Editor’s Introduction” by Joseph Roberts, p.1.

“Perspectives on Arts Entrepreneurship Part 1” by Andrew Taylor, Paul Bonin-Rodriguez, and Linda Essig, p. 3-7.

“Creativities, Innovation, And Networks In Garage Punk Rock: A Case Study Of The Eruptörs” by Gareth Dylan Smith and Alex Gillett, p. 9-24.

“Creative Toronto: Harnessing The Economic Development Power Of Arts & Culture” by Shoshanah B.D. Goldberg-Miller, p. 25-48.

Book Review:

“Performing Policy: How Contemporary Politics and Cultural Programs Redefined U.S. Artists for the Twenty-First Century (Palgrave)” by Paul Bonin-Rodriguez, review by Neville Vakharia, p. 49-52.

Heat exposure for urban populations has become more prevalent as the temperature and duration of heat waves in cities increase. Occupational exposure to heat is a major concern for personal health, and excessive heat exposure can cause devastating outcomes. While occupational heat exposure studies have traditionally focused on environmental temperature, work intensity, and clothing, little is known about the daily exposure profile of workers, including their daily travel and working patterns. This study developed a novel measure of exposure and reprieve dynamics, the moving average hourly exposure (MAHE) to balance short-duration but high-exposure events and capture the inability to reprieve from exposure events. MAHE was assessed by combining an activity-based travel model (ABM) and the Occupational Requirement Survey to simulate urban workers' total daily heat exposure. The simulation considers daily travel, work schedules, and outdoor working frequency. The simulation was conducted for 1 million workers in Phoenix, Arizona, using Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT). The results show that 53% to 89% of workers in Phoenix's construction, agriculture, transportation, raw material extraction, and entertainment industries will likely experience MAHE over 38°C for at least an hour. These industries also have up to 34% of the laborers exposed to over 7 hours of continuous 38°C and above MAHE exposure. The location of the most intense heat exposure was identified near the downtown and central business districts, significantly different from the home locations of the workers in suburban and rural areas. Formulating the MAHE balances heat risk events with cooling benefits and aids in identifying individuals with prolonged high heat exposure.